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Sunday, December 31, 2023

Error detecting codes Parity bits, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC)

Error detection codes त्रुटि पता लगाने वाले कोड:-

Parity bits, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are all methods used for error detection in data communication. They involve adding additional information (bits or values) to the original data, and the receiver can use this additional information to detect whether errors have occurred during transmission.

समता बिट्स, चेकसम और चक्रीय अतिरेक जांच (सीआरसी) डेटा संचार में त्रुटि का पता लगाने के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली सभी विधियां हैं। उनमें मूल डेटा में अतिरिक्त जानकारी (बिट्स या मान) जोड़ना शामिल है, और रिसीवर इस अतिरिक्त जानकारी का उपयोग यह पता लगाने के लिए कर सकता है कि ट्रांसमिशन के दौरान त्रुटियां हुई हैं या नहीं।

1. Parity Bits समता बिट्स:-

Parity is a simple method that adds an extra bit to a group of bits to make the total number of ones either even or odd.The most common types are even parity and odd parity.Even parity means that the total number of ones, including the parity bit, is even.

Example:-

Original data: 1011

Parity bit added for even parity: 1011 1

If an odd number of bits are in error, the error will be detected. Parity bits can only detect single-bit errors.

समता एक सरल विधि है जो बिट्स के समूह में एक अतिरिक्त बिट जोड़ती है ताकि बिट्स की कुल संख्या सम या विषम हो। सबसे सामान्य प्रकार सम समता और विषम समता हैं। सम समता का मतलब है कि बिट्स की कुल संख्या, जिसमें शामिल हैं समता बिट, सम है.

उदाहरण:-

मूल डेटा: 1011

सम समता के लिए समता बिट जोड़ा गया: 1011 1

यदि विषम संख्या में बिट्स त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं, तो त्रुटि का पता लगाया जाएगा। समता बिट्स केवल एकल-बिट त्रुटियों का पता लगा सकते हैं।

2. Checksums चेकसम :-

Checksums involve summing up the values of all the data units (such as bytes) and adding this sum to the transmitted data.The receiver performs the same calculation on the received data and checks if the calculated sum matches the sum included in the transmitted data.

Example:-

Suppose we have data bytes: 1101 0110 1010.

Calculate the sum: 1101 + 0110 + 1010 = 01001.

Add this sum to the data: 1101 0110 1010 01001.

The receiver performs the same calculation and checks if the sum matches and If it is different then error will be detected. Checksums can detect errors in groups of bits and are widely used in networking protocols.

चेकसम में सभी डेटा इकाइयों (जैसे बाइट्स) के मूल्यों को जोड़ना और इस योग को प्रेषित डेटा में जोड़ना शामिल है। रिसीवर प्राप्त डेटा पर समान गणना करता है और जांचता है कि गणना की गई राशि प्रेषित डेटा में शामिल योग से मेल खाती है या नहीं।

उदाहरण:-

मान लीजिए हमारे पास डेटा बाइट्स हैं: 1101 0110 1010

योग की गणना करें: 1101 + 0110 + 1010 = 01001

इस योग को डेटा में जोड़ें: 1101 0110 1010 01001

रिसीवर समान गणना करता है और जाँचता है कि क्या योग मेल खाता है और यदि यह भिन्न है तो त्रुटि का पता लगाया जाएगा। चेकसम बिट्स के समूहों में त्रुटियों का पता लगा सकते हैं और नेटवर्किंग प्रोटोकॉल में व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किए जाते हैं।

3. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) चक्रीय अतिरेक जांच (सीआरसी):-

CRC is a more sophisticated error-checking technique. It involves polynomial division, where the remainder is appended to the original data. The receiver performs the same polynomial division and checks if the remainder is zero.

Example:-

Suppose we want to send 1101101 with a CRC code.

Choose a generator polynomial, say G(x) = 1011.

Perform polynomial division:1101101 divided by 1011 = 101 (R(x) = 101).

Append the remainder to the original data: 1101101101.

The receiver performs the same division and checks if the remainder is zero. CRC can detect a broader range of errors and is commonly used in data storage and network protocols.

सीआरसी एक अधिक परिष्कृत त्रुटि-जाँच तकनीक है। इसमें बहुपद विभाजन शामिल है, जहां शेष को मूल डेटा से जोड़ा जाता है। रिसीवर समान बहुपद विभाजन करता है और जाँच करता है कि शेषफल शून्य है या नहीं।

उदाहरण:-

मान लीजिए हम सीआरसी कोड के साथ 1101101 भेजना चाहते हैं।

एक जनरेटर बहुपद चुनें, मान लीजिए G(x) = 1011

बहुपद विभाजन करें: 1101101 को 1011 से विभाजित करें = 101 (R(x) = 101)

शेषफल को मूल डेटा में जोड़ें: 1101101101

रिसीवर समान विभाजन करता है और जाँच करता है कि शेषफल शून्य है या नहीं। सीआरसी त्रुटियों की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला का पता लगा सकता है और आमतौर पर डेटा भंडारण और नेटवर्क प्रोटोकॉल में उपयोग किया जाता है।

Network Technologies 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and Its comparison

Congestion in a network नेटवर्क में भीड़भाड़

Congestion in a network occurs when there is an excessive amount of data being transmitted through the network, leading to a slowdown or degradation of performance. This can happen in various types of networks, including computer networks, telecommunications networks, and the internet. Congestion can be caused by several factors:

किसी नेटवर्क में भीड़भाड़ तब होती है जब नेटवर्क के माध्यम से अत्यधिक मात्रा में डेटा प्रसारित किया जाता है, जिससे प्रदर्शन में मंदी या गिरावट आती है। यह कंप्यूटर नेटवर्क, दूरसंचार नेटवर्क और इंटरनेट सहित विभिन्न प्रकार के नेटवर्क में हो सकता है। भीड़भाड़ कई कारकों के कारण हो सकती है:

1. High Traffic Volume:- When the demand for network resources exceeds the available capacity, congestion occurs. This often happens during peak usage times when many users are trying to access the network simultaneously.

उच्च यातायात मात्रा:- जब नेटवर्क संसाधनों की मांग उपलब्ध क्षमता से अधिक हो जाती है, तो भीड़भाड़ होती है। ऐसा अक्सर चरम उपयोग के समय के दौरान होता है जब कई उपयोगकर्ता एक साथ नेटवर्क तक पहुंचने का प्रयास कर रहे होते हैं।

2. Network Bottlenecks:- Bottlenecks occur when there is a point in the network where the data transfer rate is limited, causing congestion. This could be a specific link, router, or switch that becomes a limiting factor.

नेटवर्क बाधाएँ:- बाधाएँ तब उत्पन्न होती हैं जब नेटवर्क में कोई ऐसा बिंदु होता है जहाँ डेटा स्थानांतरण दर सीमित होती है, जिससे भीड़भाड़ होती है। यह एक विशिष्ट लिंक, राउटर या स्विच हो सकता है जो एक सीमित कारक बन जाता है।

3. Packet Loss:- If there is packet loss in the network, it can lead to retransmissions, which in turn contribute to congestion. Packet loss can be caused by network errors, collisions, or overloaded devices.

पैकेट हानि:- यदि नेटवर्क में पैकेट हानि होती है, तो इससे पुन: प्रसारण हो सकता है, जो बदले में भीड़भाड़ में योगदान देता है। पैकेट हानि नेटवर्क त्रुटियों, टकरावों या अतिभारित उपकरणों के कारण हो सकती है।

4. Network Configuration Issues:- Improperly configured networks can contribute to congestion. This includes issues such as inefficient routing, lack of quality of service (QoS) mechanisms, or inadequate bandwidth allocation.

नेटवर्क कॉन्फ़िगरेशन समस्याएँ:- ग़लत तरीके से कॉन्फ़िगर किए गए नेटवर्क भीड़भाड़ में योगदान कर सकते हैं। इसमें अकुशल रूटिंग, सेवा की गुणवत्ता (क्यूओएस) तंत्र की कमी, या अपर्याप्त बैंडविड्थ आवंटन जैसे मुद्दे शामिल हैं।

5. Security Attacks:- Denial of Service (DoS) attacks or other malicious activities can intentionally flood a network with traffic, causing congestion and disrupting normal operations.

सुरक्षा हमले:- सेवा से इनकार (DoS) हमले या अन्य दुर्भावनापूर्ण गतिविधियां जानबूझकर नेटवर्क में ट्रैफ़िक भर सकती हैं, जिससे भीड़भाड़ हो सकती है और सामान्य संचालन बाधित हो सकता है।

To manage and alleviate congestion, network administrators can employ various strategies:-

भीड़भाड़ को प्रबंधित करने और कम करने के लिए, नेटवर्क प्रशासक विभिन्न रणनीतियाँ अपना सकते हैं:-

1. Quality of Service (QoS):- Implementing QoS mechanisms helps prioritize certain types of traffic over others, ensuring that critical applications receive sufficient bandwidth.

सेवा की गुणवत्ता (क्यूओएस):- क्यूओएस तंत्र को लागू करने से कुछ प्रकार के ट्रैफ़िक को दूसरों पर प्राथमिकता देने में मदद मिलती है, जिससे यह सुनिश्चित होता है कि महत्वपूर्ण अनुप्रयोगों को पर्याप्त बैंडविड्थ प्राप्त हो।

2. Traffic Shaping:- This involves regulating the flow of traffic to prevent network congestion. Traffic shaping mechanisms can smooth out bursts of traffic and prioritize specific types of data.

ट्रैफिक शेपिंग:- इसमें नेटवर्क कंजेशन को रोकने के लिए ट्रैफिक के प्रवाह को विनियमित करना शामिल है। ट्रैफ़िक को आकार देने वाले तंत्र ट्रैफ़िक के विस्फोट को सुचारू कर सकते हैं और विशिष्ट प्रकार के डेटा को प्राथमिकता दे सकते हैं।

3. Load Balancing:- Distributing network traffic across multiple paths or servers can help prevent bottlenecks and ensure a more even distribution of resources.

लोड संतुलन: - नेटवर्क ट्रैफ़िक को कई पथों या सर्वरों में वितरित करने से बाधाओं को रोकने और संसाधनों का अधिक समान वितरण सुनिश्चित करने में मदद मिल सकती है।

4. Increased Bandwidth:- Upgrading network infrastructure to increase overall bandwidth can address congestion issues by providing more capacity for data transmission.

बढ़ी हुई बैंडविड्थ:- समग्र बैंडविड्थ बढ़ाने के लिए नेटवर्क बुनियादी ढांचे को अपग्रेड करने से डेटा ट्रांसमिशन के लिए अधिक क्षमता प्रदान करके भीड़भाड़ की समस्या का समाधान किया जा सकता है।

5. Network Monitoring:- Regularly monitoring network performance allows administrators to identify and address congestion issues promptly. This can involve using network monitoring tools to track bandwidth usage, packet loss, and other relevant metrics.

नेटवर्क निगरानी:- नियमित रूप से नेटवर्क प्रदर्शन की निगरानी करने से प्रशासकों को भीड़ संबंधी समस्याओं की तुरंत पहचान करने और उनका समाधान करने में मदद मिलती है। इसमें बैंडविड्थ उपयोग, पैकेट हानि और अन्य प्रासंगिक मैट्रिक्स को ट्रैक करने के लिए नेटवर्क मॉनिटरिंग टूल का उपयोग करना शामिल हो सकता है।

Understanding the causes of congestion and implementing effective management strategies are crucial for maintaining optimal network performance. Additionally, advancements in technology, such as the deployment of 5G networks and the development of more efficient protocols, can contribute to reducing congestion in modern networks.

इष्टतम नेटवर्क प्रदर्शन बनाए रखने के लिए भीड़भाड़ के कारणों को समझना और प्रभावी प्रबंधन रणनीतियों को लागू करना महत्वपूर्ण है। इसके अतिरिक्त, प्रौद्योगिकी में प्रगति, जैसे कि 5जी नेटवर्क की तैनाती और अधिक कुशल प्रोटोकॉल का विकास, आधुनिक नेटवर्क में भीड़ को कम करने में योगदान दे सकता है।

Computer Network and Information Security NEP 2020 Major Full Syllabus

Saturday, December 2, 2023

Results Election Commision Of India , Madhyapradesh, rajasthan, chattisgarh, telangana, mizoram

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Reference_

Monday, October 9, 2023

Davv Indore BA, BSc, BCom I Year Supplementary Exam Notice NEP 2020 Revised

Revised Notice

Old Notice

Friday, August 18, 2023

NEP 2020 MCQ SET EMRS ETSSE

National Education Policy 2020 PDF

NEP 20202 Abbreviations

ABC Academic Bank of Credit

AI Artificial Intelligence

AC Autonomous degree-granting College

AEC Adult Education Centre

API Application Programming Interface

AYUSH Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy

B.Ed. Bachelor of Education

BEO Block Education Officer

BITE Block Institute of Teacher Education

BoA Board of Assessment

BoG Board of Governors

BRC Block Resource Centre

B.Voc Bachelor of Vocational Education

CABE Central Advisory Board of Education

CBCS Choice Based Credit System

CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education

CIET Central Institute of Educational Technology

CMP Career Management and Progression

CoA Council of Architecture

CPD Continuous Professional Development

CRC Cluster Resource Centre

CWSN Children With Special Needs

DAE Department of Atomic Energy

DBT Department of Biotechnology

DEO District Education Officer

DIET District Institute of Education and Training

DIKSHA Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing

DSE Directorate of School Education

DST Department of Science and Technology

ECCE Early Childhood Care and Education

EEC Eminent Expert Committee

GCED Global Citizenship Education

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEC General Education Council

GER Gross Enrolment Ratio

GFR General Financial Rule

HECI Higher Education Commission of India

HEGC Higher Education Grants Council

HEI Higher Education Institutions

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICHR Indian Council of Historical Research

ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research

ICT Information and Communication Technology

IDP Institutional Development Plan

IGNOU Indira Gandhi National Open University

IIM Indian Institute of Management

IIT Indian Institute of Technology

IITI Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation

ISL Indian Sign Language

ITI Industrial Training Institute

M.Ed. Master of Education

MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery

MERU Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities

MHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development

MoE Ministry of Education

MOOC Massive Open Online Course

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

M. Phil Master of Philosophy

MWCD Ministry of Women and Child Development

NAC National Accreditation Council

NAS National Achievement Survey

NCC National Cadet Corps

NCERT National Council of Educational Research and Training

NCF National Curriculum Framework

NCFSE National Curriculum Framework for School Education

NCFTE National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education

NCIVE National Committee for the Integration of Vocational Education

NCPFECCE National Curricular and Pedagogical Framework for Early Childhood Care and Education

NCTE National Council for Teacher Education

NCVET National Council for Vocational Education and Training

NETF National Educational Technology Forum

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NHEQF National Higher Education Qualifications Framework

NHERC National Higher Education Regulatory Council

NIOS National Institute of Open Schooling

NIT National Institute of Technology

NITI National Institution for Transforming India

NPE National Policy on Education

NPST National Professional Standards for Teachers

NRF National Research Foundation

NSQF National Skills Qualifications Framework

NSSO National Sample Survey Office

NTA National Testing Agency

OBC Other Backward Classes

ODL Open and Distance Learning

PARAKH Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic development

PCI Pharmacy Council of India

PFMS Public Financial Management System

Ph.D Doctor of Philosophy

PSSB Professional Standard Setting Body

PTR Pupil Teacher Ratio

R&I Research and Innovation

RCI Rehabilitation Council of India

RPWD Rights of Persons with Disabilities

SAS State Achievement Survey

SC Scheduled Caste(s)

SCDP School Complex/Cluster Development Plans

SCERT State Council of Educational Research and Training

SCF State Curricular Framework

SCMC School Complex Management Committee

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

SDP School Development Plan

SEDG Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Group

SEZ Special Education Zone

SIOS State Institutes of Open Schooling

SMC School Management Committee

SQAAF School Quality Assessment and Accreditation Framework

SSA Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

SSS Simple Standard Sanskrit

New Education Policy 2020

Multiple Choice Questions on NEP 2020

1. How many the fundamental principles mentioned in National Education Policy 2020?

a. 5

b. 11

c. 22

d. 20

Ans: A

2. National Education Policy 2020 replaced by a new pedagogical and curricular structure. What is the new curricular structure according to NEP 2020?

A. “3+4+4+5” model

B. “5+3+3+4” model

C. “4+3+3+5” model

D. “5+4+3+3” model

Ans: B

3. What is the age group covered in school education according to NEP 2020 new curricular structure?

A. 16-18

B. 3-18

C. 6-18

D. 5-18

Ans: B

4. What are the classes which cover at “Secondary “stage according to NEP 2020 new curricular structure?

A. Class 6 to 9

B. Class 9 to 12

C. Class 6 to 8

D. Class 11 to 12

Ans: B

5. What are the classes which cover at “Middle “stage according to NEP 2020 new curricular structure?

A. Class 6 to 9

B. Class 9 to 12

C. Class 6 to 8

D. Class 11 to 12

Ans: C

6. What are the classes which cover at “Preparatory “stage according to NEP 2020 new curricular structure?

A. Class 6 to 9

B. Class 3 to 5

C. Class 6 to 8

D. Class 1 to 2

Ans: B

7. What are the classes which cover at “Foundational “stage according to NEP 2020 new curricular structure?

A. Covers only (Class 1 & 2)

B. Covers only (Anganwadi/ pre-school/Balvatika)

C. Covers (Anganwadi/ pre-school/Balvatika) and 2 years (Class 1 & 2)

D.Covers up to class 5

Ans: C

8. How much (percent %) of a child’s cumulative brain development occurs prior to the age of 6 according to NEP 2020?

A. Over 85%

B. Over 95%

C. Over 75%

7. Over 65%

Ans: A

9. NEP proposed that universal provisioning of quality early childhood development, care, and education must be achieved. What is timeline for this?

A. 2030

B. 2035

C. 2040

D. 2025

Ans: A

10. What is timeline to ensure that all students entering Grade 1 are school ready according to National Education Policy 2020?

A. 2035

B. 2040

C. 2025

D. 2030

Ans: D

11. Under the chairmanship of whom ‘Committee for Evolution of the New Education Policy’ submitted its report in May 2016?

A. Dr. K. Kasturirangan

B. Late Shri T.S.R. Subramanian

C. Vijay Kelkar.

D. Ashok Mehta.

Ans: B

12. The NEP 2020 replace the

A. National Education Policy (NEP), 1986

B. National Policy on Education, 1969

C. Both (a) and (b)

D. None of the Above

Ans : A

13. Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD) renamed as

A. Ministry of Human Development

B. Ministry of Education

C. Ministry of Higher Education

D. Ministry of Human Capital

Ans: B

14.The current 10+2 school curriculum to be replaced by a new

A. 5+3+3+4 curricular structure

B. 5+4+3+3 curricular structure

C. 5+2+2+4 curricular structure

D. 2+3+3+4 curricular structure

Ans: A

15.Consider the following statement relating to new education policy committees

I.K Kasturirangan Committee

II. TSR Subramanian Committee

III. Vaghul Committee

IV . Urjit Patel Committee

Select Correct answer code given below

A. I and II Only

B. I, III, IV Only

C. I, II, III and IV

D. II and III Only

And: A

16.……. will be created as an apex body for fostering a strong research culture and building research capacity across higher education as per NEP 2020.

A. National Commission Foundation

B. Higher Commission Education

C. National Research Foundation

D. None of the above

Ans: C

17.As per the policy public investment in education will be increased from the current 4.3% to

A. 4% of GDP

B. 7% of GDP

C. 6.6% of GDP

D. 6% of GDP

Ans: D

18. The new policy aims in the higher education to improve the Gross Enrollment Ratio from 26.3% to 50% by

A. 2030

B. 2035

C. 2025

D. 2040

Ans: B

19.Consider the following statement regarding the foundational pillars in NEP 2020

I. Accessibility

II. Affordability

III. Accountability

IV. Quality

V. Equity

VI. Access

Select Correct answer given code below

A. I, II, III, IV Only

B. I, II, III Only

C. I, II, III, IV, V

D. I, II, III, IV, V & VI Only

Ans: D

20. Which is not an educational committee ?

A. Ashok Mehta Committee

B. Dr. K. Kasturirangan Committee

C. D. S. Kothari Committee

D. T. S. R. Subramaniam Committee

Ans: A

21.Consider the following statements regarding the National Research Foundation (NRF):

I. It is to be set-up as an autonomous body envisaged under the NEP 2020.

II. The NRF aims to fund researchers working across streams in India.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A. I Only

B. II Only

C. Both I and II

D. Neither I nor II

Ans: C

22. According to the National Education Policy 2020 by how much percent the Gross Enrollment Ratio in higher education to be raised?

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 35%

D. 40%

Ans: B

23. The vocational education will start from

A. Class 5th

B. Class 6th

C. Class 8th

D. Class 7th.

Ans: B

24. NEP 2020 recommends that ‘Fund’ to build the nation’s capacity to provide equitable quality education for all girls as well as transgender students. What will be the name of the fund?

A. ‘Gender-Employment Fund’

B. ‘Gender-Inclusion Fund’

C. ‘Gender-Promotion Fund’

D. ‘Gender-Education Fund’

Ans: B

25. NEP 2020 stated to establish a national repository of high-quality resources on foundational literacy and numeracy on Government Digital Platform. What is the name of the Govt. Digital platform?

A. NCERT

B. DIKSHA

C. DISHA

D. NISHITHA

Ans : B

26. Consider the following statements regarding languages in NEP 2020

i. It will promote ‘Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat’ initiative.

ii. Three language formula with greater flexibility.

iii. All Classical languages will be available in school as options.

Select CORRECT code given below

i Only

ii Only

i, ii and iii

i and ii Only

Ans: C

27. MERUs stand for

A. “Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities”.

B. Multilingual Education and Research Universities.

C. “Multidisciplinary Education and Research undertaking”.

D. Multistage Education and Research Universities.

And: A

28. How much percentage of the total GDP spends on the research and innovation in India at current time?

A. 0.69% of GDP.

B. 2.69 % Of GDP.

C. 3.25 % Of GDP.

D. 4.25 % Of GDP.

Ans: A

29. NEP 2020 proposed to set up a National Assessment Centre. What is the name of NAC?

A. NTA

B. PARAKH

C. UGC

D. NAC

Ans: B

30. What is the objective to National Assessment Centre, PARAKH?

A. setting question paper and organizing exams

B. setting questions paper for board exam

C. setting norms, standards, and guidelines

D. setting question papers for UGC

Ans: C

31. Which government organizations will develop guidelines for the education of gifted children?

A. NCERT and NCFCS

B. NCERT and NCTE

C. NCERT and NTA

D. NCERT and SCERT

Ans: B

32. NEP 2020 proposed ‘Professional Standard Setting Body (PSSB)’ will develop common guiding set of principles for the teacher? What will be the name of organization?

A. Professional Standard Setting Body (PSSB)

B. General Education Council (GEC)

C. National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST)

D. National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)

Ans: C

33. According to NEP 2020

i. Setting up of Gender Inclusion Fund for Female and Transgender students

ii. Setting up of Special Education Zones (SEZs) for large population from SEDGs(Socio-economically Disadvantaged Groups)

Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT ?

A. i Only

B. ii Only

C. Neither i nor ii

D. Both i & ii

Ans: D

34.New Policy aims for Universalization of Education from pre-school to secondary level with 100% Gross Enrollment Ratio in school by

A. 2023

B. 2030

C. 2025

D. 2035

And: B

35. What is the full form of ABC as per the NEP 2020?

A. Academic Basic Certificate.

B. Annual Basic Certificate.

C. Annual Bank of Credit.

D. Academic Bank of Credit.

Ans:D